Case 1: Vadde S, Mendoza M. 1:20-12-24
A male in his 70s presented by ambulance to ED Resus with a 2 day history of worsening shortness of breath. He looked sweaty, pale and pre-syncopal. PMHx: Active bowel cancer on chemotherapy.
Vitals: RR45, S80% on 15L non- rebreather, BP56/30mmHg, T36.5ºC, GCS 14.
VBG: Ph 7.12, pCO2 7.02, HCO 18, Lac 7.4
An urgent portable CXR showed clear lung fields. ECG S1Q3T3. Top differential at this point was pulmonary embolism, however given haemodynamic instability, too unstable for a CTPA. ICU team were en route. A bedside ECHO was done:
M-mode interrogation of the IVC in the Sub-xyphoid view. The IVC is grossly distended above normal range (1.5-2.5cm). In the context of this case it may indicate RV strain.
A Parasternal Long view showing a distended RV consistent with the distended IVC seen on the Sub-xyphoid view, in keeping with an impression of severe RV strain. Furthermore there aren't any signs of tamponade as a cause of the shock and the Aortic outflow tract (AOFT) is noted to be under 4cm which is reassuring that there isn't a distended aneurysmal aortic root - a useful observation in the risk stratification for thrombolysis.
A Parasternal Short Axis video clip showing a grossly distended and dyskinetic RV with a possible D-sign bowing of the IV septum.
In this case POCUS strengthened diagnostic certainty and empowered a senior-led decision to thrombolyse the patient without formal radiological confirmation due to the patient being periarrest. 45 minutes post thrombolysis the patient had made significant haemodynamic improvement. CTPA later confirmed massive PE with right heart strain.
Summary of key points
POCUS guided recognition of RV strain can enable life-saving thrombolysis in suspected massive PE when CTPA is not possible due to patient instability. Thrombolysis is always a senior led decision.
Signs of RV strain making massive PE a possibility on POCUS include:
RV dilation (RV:LV >1)
Septal flattening “D sign”
Reduced RV function
McConnell’s sign- regional RV dysfunction
Futher reading: https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/ultrasound-assessment-of-patients-in-shock/#1642424490764-1d22aa1a-cecc
Trainee Lead Editor: Dr Amy Knowles, ST5
Checked: Dr Ahmed Abdul-Ghani, Lead Project Consultant